International law is the body of legal rules that apply between sovereign states and such other entities as have been granted international personality (status acknowledged by the international community). The rules of international law are of a normative character, that is, they prescribe towards conduct, and are potentially designed for authoritative interpretation by an international judicial authority and by being capable of enforcement by the application of external sanctions. The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, which succeeded the Permanent Court of International Justice after World War II. Article 92 of the charter of the United Nations states:The International Court of justice shall be the principal judicial organ of the United nations. It shall function in accordance with the annexed Statute, which is based upon the Statute of the Permanent court of International Justice and forms an integral part of the present Charter.
The commands of international law must be those that the states impose upon themselves, as states must give consent to the commands that they will follow. Many essays on international relations contain a direct expression of raison d’etat, the “interests of the state”, and aims to serve the state, as well as protect the state by giving its rights and duties. This is done through treaties and other consensual engagements which are legally binding.
The case-law of the ICJ is an important aspect of the UN’s contribution to the development of international law. It’s judgements and advisory opinions permeates into the international legal community not only through its decisions as such but through the wider implications of its methodology and reasoning.
The successful resolution of the border dispute between Burkina Faso and Mali in the 1986 Frontier Dispute case illustrates the utility of judicial decision as a means of settlement in territorial disputes. The case was submitted to a Chamber of the ICJ pursuant to a special agreement concluded by the parties in 1983. In December 1985, while written submissions were being prepared, hostilities broke out in the disputed area. A cease-fire was agreed, and the Chamber directed the continued observance of the cease-fire, the withdrawal of troops within twenty days, and the avoidance of actions tending to aggravate the dispute or prejudice its eventual resolution. Both Presidents publicly welcomed the judgement and indicated their intention to comply with it. In the Fisheries Jurisdiction case (United Kingdom v. Iceland , 1974) the ICJ contributed to the firm establishment in law of the idea that mankind needs to conserve the living resources of the sea and must respect these resources. The Court observed:It is one of the advances in maritime international law, resulting from the intensification of fishing, that the former laissez-faire treatment ofthe living resources of the sea in the high seas has been replaced by a recognition of a duty to have due regard of the rights of other States and the needs of conservation for the benefit of all. Consequently, both parties have the obligation to keep inder review the fishery resources in the disputed waters and to examine together, in the light of scientific and other available information, the measures required for the conservation and development, and equitable exploitation, of these resources, taking into account any international agreement in force between them, such as the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Convention of 24 January 1959, as well as such other agreements as may be reached in the matter in the course of further negotiation. The Court also held that the concept of preferential rights in fisheries is not static.
This is not to say that the preferential rights of a coastal State in a special situation are a static concept, in the sense that the degree of the coastal State’s preference is to be considered as for ever at some given moment. On the contrary, the preferential rights are a function of the exceptional dependence of such a coastal State on the fisheries in adjacent waters and may, therefore, vary as the extent of that dependence changes.
The Court’s judgement on this case contributes to the development of the law of the sea by recognizing the concept of the preferential rights of a coastal state in the fisheries of the adjacent waters, particularly if that state is in a special situation with its population dependent on those fisheries. Moreover, the Court proceeds further to recognise that the law pertaining to fisheries must accept the primacy of the requirement of conservation based on scientific data. The exercise of preferential rights of the coastal state, as well as the hisoric rights of other states dependent on the same fishing grounds, have to be subject to the overriding consideration of proper conservation of the fishery resources for the benefit of all concerned.
Some cases in which sanctions are threatened, however, see no actual implementation. The United States, for example, did not impose measures on those Latin American states that nationalized privately owned American property, despite legislation that authorizes the President to discontinue aid in the absence of adequate compensation.
Enforcement measures are not the sole means of UN sanction. Skeptics of the coercive theory of international law note that forceful sanctions through the United Nations are limited to situations involving threats to the peace, breaches of peace, and acts of aggressiion. In all other instances of noncompliance of international law, the charter’s own general provisions outlawing the threat or use of force actually prevent forceful sanction. Those same skeptics regard this as an appropriate paradox in a decentralized state system of international politics. Nonetheless, other means of collective sanction through the UN involve diplomatic intervention and economic sanctions.
In 1967 the Security Council decided to isolate Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) for its policy of racial separation following its unilateral declaration of independence from Britain. As in other cases of economic sanctions, effectiveness in the Rhodesian situation was limited by the problems of achieving universal participation, and the resistance of national elites to external coercion. With respect to universal participation, even states usually sympathetic to Britain’s policy demonstrated weak compliance.
The decentralization of sanctions remains one of the major weaknesses of international law. Although international bodies sometimes make decisions in the implementation of sanctions, member states must implement them. The states are the importers and exporters in the international system. They command industrial economies and the passage of goods across national boundaries.
Furthermore, the UN is wholly dependent on its members on operating funds, so no matter what decisional authority its members give it, its ability to take action not only depends on its decision but also on means. Without the support, the wealth and the material assistance of national governments, the UN is incapable of effective sanctions. The resistance of governments to a financially independent UN arises principally on their insistence on maintaining control over sanctioning processes in international politics.
Despite sweeping language regarding “threats to peace, breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression”, the role of the United Nationsin the enforcement of international law is quite limited. Indeed the purpose of the UN is not to enforce international law, but to preserve, restore and ensure political peace and security. The role of the Security Council is to enforce that part of international law that is either created or encompassed by the Charter of the United Nations. When aggression occurs, the members of the Council may decide politically – but are not obliged legally – to undertake collective action that will have sanctioning result. In instances of threats to or breaches of the peace short of war, they may decide politically to take anticipatory action short of force.
Moreover, it is for the members of the Security Council to determine when a threat to peace, a breach of peace, or an act of aggression has occurred. Even the determination is made on political rather than legal criteria. The Security Council may have a legal basis for acting, but self-interest determines how each of it members votes, irrespective of how close to aggression the incident at issue may be. Hence by virtue of both its constitutional limitations and the exercise of sovereign prerogatives by its members, the security council’s role as a sanctioning device in international law is sharply restricted.
As the subject matter of the law becomes more politicized, states are less willing to enter into formal regulation, or do so only with loopholes for escape from apparent constraints. In this area, called the law of community, governments are generally less willing to sacrifice their soverein liberties. In a revolutionary international system where change is rapid and direction unclear, the integrity of the law of community is weak, and compliance of its often flaccid norms is correspondingly uncertain.
The law of the political framework resides above these other two levels and consists of the legal norms governing the ultimate power relations of states. This is the most politicized level of international relations; hence pertinent law is extremely primitive. Those legal norms that do exist suffer from all the political machinations of the states who made them. States have taken care to see that their behaviour is only minimally constrained; the few legal norms they have created always provide avenues of escape such as the big-power veto in the UN Security Council.
Despite the many failures and restrictions of international law, material interdpendence, especially among the states of equivalent power, may foster the growth of positive legal principles. In addition, as friendships and amenities change,, some bilateral law may cease to be observed among new emnities, but new law may arise among new friends who have newfound mutual interests. In the meantime, some multicultural law may have been developed. Finally, research suggests that the social effects of industrialization are universal and that they result in intersocial tolerances that did not exist during periods of disparate economic capability. On social, political, ane economic grounds, therefore, international law is intrinsic to the transformation and modernization of the international system, even though the “law of the political context” has remained so far.
Clojure operators – sliding door scenario
/0 Comments/in EssayH_Ap /by adminThis scenario is concerned with doors. Doors can be in different states (open or closed,
locked or unlocked). Doors connect rooms and are un/locked with specific keys.
Specify and build the following operators…
• open (an unlocked door)
• close (a door)
• lock (a door with a key)
• unlock (with a key)
• move (from one room to another)
Statistics spss | Statistics homework help
/0 Comments/in EssayH_Ap /by adminHomeworkMarket
Statistics Paper
Due in 3 hours
The international court of justice
/0 Comments/in EssayH_Ap /by adminInternational law is the body of legal rules that apply between sovereign states and such other entities as have been granted international personality (status acknowledged by the international community). The rules of international law are of a normative character, that is, they prescribe towards conduct, and are potentially designed for authoritative interpretation by an international judicial authority and by being capable of enforcement by the application of external sanctions. The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, which succeeded the Permanent Court of International Justice after World War II. Article 92 of the charter of the United Nations states:The International Court of justice shall be the principal judicial organ of the United nations. It shall function in accordance with the annexed Statute, which is based upon the Statute of the Permanent court of International Justice and forms an integral part of the present Charter.
The commands of international law must be those that the states impose upon themselves, as states must give consent to the commands that they will follow. Many essays on international relations contain a direct expression of raison d’etat, the “interests of the state”, and aims to serve the state, as well as protect the state by giving its rights and duties. This is done through treaties and other consensual engagements which are legally binding.
The case-law of the ICJ is an important aspect of the UN’s contribution to the development of international law. It’s judgements and advisory opinions permeates into the international legal community not only through its decisions as such but through the wider implications of its methodology and reasoning.
The successful resolution of the border dispute between Burkina Faso and Mali in the 1986 Frontier Dispute case illustrates the utility of judicial decision as a means of settlement in territorial disputes. The case was submitted to a Chamber of the ICJ pursuant to a special agreement concluded by the parties in 1983. In December 1985, while written submissions were being prepared, hostilities broke out in the disputed area. A cease-fire was agreed, and the Chamber directed the continued observance of the cease-fire, the withdrawal of troops within twenty days, and the avoidance of actions tending to aggravate the dispute or prejudice its eventual resolution. Both Presidents publicly welcomed the judgement and indicated their intention to comply with it. In the Fisheries Jurisdiction case (United Kingdom v. Iceland , 1974) the ICJ contributed to the firm establishment in law of the idea that mankind needs to conserve the living resources of the sea and must respect these resources. The Court observed:It is one of the advances in maritime international law, resulting from the intensification of fishing, that the former laissez-faire treatment ofthe living resources of the sea in the high seas has been replaced by a recognition of a duty to have due regard of the rights of other States and the needs of conservation for the benefit of all. Consequently, both parties have the obligation to keep inder review the fishery resources in the disputed waters and to examine together, in the light of scientific and other available information, the measures required for the conservation and development, and equitable exploitation, of these resources, taking into account any international agreement in force between them, such as the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Convention of 24 January 1959, as well as such other agreements as may be reached in the matter in the course of further negotiation. The Court also held that the concept of preferential rights in fisheries is not static.
This is not to say that the preferential rights of a coastal State in a special situation are a static concept, in the sense that the degree of the coastal State’s preference is to be considered as for ever at some given moment. On the contrary, the preferential rights are a function of the exceptional dependence of such a coastal State on the fisheries in adjacent waters and may, therefore, vary as the extent of that dependence changes.
The Court’s judgement on this case contributes to the development of the law of the sea by recognizing the concept of the preferential rights of a coastal state in the fisheries of the adjacent waters, particularly if that state is in a special situation with its population dependent on those fisheries. Moreover, the Court proceeds further to recognise that the law pertaining to fisheries must accept the primacy of the requirement of conservation based on scientific data. The exercise of preferential rights of the coastal state, as well as the hisoric rights of other states dependent on the same fishing grounds, have to be subject to the overriding consideration of proper conservation of the fishery resources for the benefit of all concerned.
Some cases in which sanctions are threatened, however, see no actual implementation. The United States, for example, did not impose measures on those Latin American states that nationalized privately owned American property, despite legislation that authorizes the President to discontinue aid in the absence of adequate compensation.
Enforcement measures are not the sole means of UN sanction. Skeptics of the coercive theory of international law note that forceful sanctions through the United Nations are limited to situations involving threats to the peace, breaches of peace, and acts of aggressiion. In all other instances of noncompliance of international law, the charter’s own general provisions outlawing the threat or use of force actually prevent forceful sanction. Those same skeptics regard this as an appropriate paradox in a decentralized state system of international politics. Nonetheless, other means of collective sanction through the UN involve diplomatic intervention and economic sanctions.
In 1967 the Security Council decided to isolate Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) for its policy of racial separation following its unilateral declaration of independence from Britain. As in other cases of economic sanctions, effectiveness in the Rhodesian situation was limited by the problems of achieving universal participation, and the resistance of national elites to external coercion. With respect to universal participation, even states usually sympathetic to Britain’s policy demonstrated weak compliance.
The decentralization of sanctions remains one of the major weaknesses of international law. Although international bodies sometimes make decisions in the implementation of sanctions, member states must implement them. The states are the importers and exporters in the international system. They command industrial economies and the passage of goods across national boundaries.
Furthermore, the UN is wholly dependent on its members on operating funds, so no matter what decisional authority its members give it, its ability to take action not only depends on its decision but also on means. Without the support, the wealth and the material assistance of national governments, the UN is incapable of effective sanctions. The resistance of governments to a financially independent UN arises principally on their insistence on maintaining control over sanctioning processes in international politics.
Despite sweeping language regarding “threats to peace, breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression”, the role of the United Nationsin the enforcement of international law is quite limited. Indeed the purpose of the UN is not to enforce international law, but to preserve, restore and ensure political peace and security. The role of the Security Council is to enforce that part of international law that is either created or encompassed by the Charter of the United Nations. When aggression occurs, the members of the Council may decide politically – but are not obliged legally – to undertake collective action that will have sanctioning result. In instances of threats to or breaches of the peace short of war, they may decide politically to take anticipatory action short of force.
Moreover, it is for the members of the Security Council to determine when a threat to peace, a breach of peace, or an act of aggression has occurred. Even the determination is made on political rather than legal criteria. The Security Council may have a legal basis for acting, but self-interest determines how each of it members votes, irrespective of how close to aggression the incident at issue may be. Hence by virtue of both its constitutional limitations and the exercise of sovereign prerogatives by its members, the security council’s role as a sanctioning device in international law is sharply restricted.
As the subject matter of the law becomes more politicized, states are less willing to enter into formal regulation, or do so only with loopholes for escape from apparent constraints. In this area, called the law of community, governments are generally less willing to sacrifice their soverein liberties. In a revolutionary international system where change is rapid and direction unclear, the integrity of the law of community is weak, and compliance of its often flaccid norms is correspondingly uncertain.
The law of the political framework resides above these other two levels and consists of the legal norms governing the ultimate power relations of states. This is the most politicized level of international relations; hence pertinent law is extremely primitive. Those legal norms that do exist suffer from all the political machinations of the states who made them. States have taken care to see that their behaviour is only minimally constrained; the few legal norms they have created always provide avenues of escape such as the big-power veto in the UN Security Council.
Despite the many failures and restrictions of international law, material interdpendence, especially among the states of equivalent power, may foster the growth of positive legal principles. In addition, as friendships and amenities change,, some bilateral law may cease to be observed among new emnities, but new law may arise among new friends who have newfound mutual interests. In the meantime, some multicultural law may have been developed. Finally, research suggests that the social effects of industrialization are universal and that they result in intersocial tolerances that did not exist during periods of disparate economic capability. On social, political, ane economic grounds, therefore, international law is intrinsic to the transformation and modernization of the international system, even though the “law of the political context” has remained so far.
Case study: dimensional fund advisors, 2002
/0 Comments/in EssayH_Ap /by adminSuggested Assignment Questions:
1. What are the philosophical beliefs of Dimension Fund Advisors (DFA)? What type of products
does DFA offer? How does DFA add value for its investors?
2. How is DFA’s business model related to the research of FAMA and French? Why do you think
small-cap stocks outperformed large-cap stocks historically? That is, do the better returns of
small-cap stocks reflect the compensation for extra risk or the correction in mispricing? In other
words, do you think small-cap stocks are riskier than large-cap stocks? Or small-cap stocks are
undervalued relative to large-cap stocks and such mispricing is corrected as time elapses?
Do you expect this pattern to continue?
3. Similarly, why do you think value stocks outperformed growth stocks historically? That is, do
The better returns of value stocks reflect risk compensation or corrected mispricing? Do you
Expect this pattern to continue?
4. Why does DFA care so much about trading? What rules does the firm adopt for its trading
practice? Do you think DFA can maintain its competitive advantage in trading in the future?
5. How does DFA’s new tax-management business work? What are the costs and the benefits? Is the tax-managed fund business likely to be successful on a broad scale?
6. How should DFA manage its strategy going forward? To continue its success, do you think DFA
should make any changes? If so, can you suggest any directions? If not, why?
Astronomy homeworks ( astronomy of the universe ast 101) !!
/0 Comments/in EssayH_Ap /by adminTextbook: Cosmic Perspective 8th Edition: Bennett et al
CH 5
Answer the following four questions. You must use relevant information to justify your answer to receive full credit. You may use any reference source you like, including working in groups. Make sure that the work you turn in is in your own words.
1) Describe how the molecules in a gas produce an emission spectrum. How is this useful in astronomy if we assume that the laws of physics are the same everywhere?
2) Why was the uniform expansion model adopted? How does this lead to a necessary differentiation between classical and cosmological redshift?
3) Why does the Big Bang Theory imply that there should be background radiation coming toward us from all directions?
4) Explain the significance of finding quasars in all directions but none of them are nearby. Use the assumption that these objects are forming galaxies.
Torre corporation incurred the following transactions. 1.purchased
/0 Comments/in EssayH_Ap /by adminTorre Corporation incurred the following transactions.
1.
Purchased raw materials on account $48,430.
2.
Raw Materials of $39,990 were requisitioned to the factory. An analysis of the materials requisition slips indicated that $8,450 was classified as indirect materials.
3.
Factory labor costs incurred were $63,960, of which $50,440 pertained to factory wages payable and $13,520 pertained to employer payroll taxes payable.
4.
Time tickets indicated that $51,310 was direct labor and $12,650 was indirect labor.
5.
Manufacturing overhead costs incurred on account were $83,950.
6.
Depreciation on the company�s office building was $8,990.
7.
Manufacturing overhead was applied at the rate of 150% of direct labor cost.
8.
Goods costing $94,640 were completed and transferred to finished goods.
9.
Finished goods costing $78,100 to manufacture were sold on account for $105,360.
Journalize.
Pitch deck assignment cis373 | Information Systems homework help
/0 Comments/in EssayH_Ap /by adminScenario:
For this course we will be working on creating a functioning Website on the topic of your choosing. You will be creating a single site that is viewable on a desktop/laptop as well as on mobile devices. Your work begins in Week 1 by defining the kind of site you will create.
As the quarter progresses you will build on your concept, adding more elements to the site as each new topic is covered.
To help you frame your ideas, here is a list of requirements for the site:
Once you begin to write your pages in HTML, please add the following to a comment in the <head> of your work:
Name, date, week #, class with section, and campus # (i.e. CIS273001VA016)
Always zip your work into a single folder for uploading to Blackboard. You’ll want to keep each week separately so that you can review earlier iterations of your site in case you want to revert something back based on feedback from your professor.
Due Dates and Grading: This project is designed to give you a realistic experience in design; as such, you will be expected to participate in making tweaks and iterating your product and design as necessary. Assignments are due within the week they are assigned; however, you may have up to two weeks to work with your professor to make suggested/required adjustments—this is up to your professors’ discretion and is not guaranteed. Be aware: Not completing a portion of the assignment means that you will not be able to receive feedback and therefore cannot tweak things, and that portion of your grade will remain graded as “unacceptable.”
ASSIGNMENT 1: PITCH DECK
Due in Week 2 and worth 50 points
You have been hired to create a Website. In this assignment, you will begin to gather the necessary information to complete the work and present your ideas to your client.
You will need to answer the following questions:
You may submit this in multiple formats though a pitch deck (PowerPoint is highly recommended; extra points if you would actually like to create a presentation in a video device or software of your choosing that you can upload to YouTube or similar online easily accessible hosting service. Note: Your instructor must be able to access your video if you choose this option. Prior coordination is needed to ensure your instructor will be able to access your video). You’ve been hired, but remember you still need to show off how awesome you are.
Eng315- professional communications assignment | English homework help
/0 Comments/in EssayH_Ap /by adminScenario:
3. James shows up to work approximately five minutes late this morning, walks silently (but quickly) down the hallway and begins to punch in at the time clock located by the front desk.
Sarah, the front desk manager, says, “Good morning, James,” but James ignores her, punches in, and heads into the shop to his workplace. Sarah rolls her eyes, picks up the phone, and dials the on-duty manager to alert her that James just arrived and should be reaching his desk any moment.
Assignment:
Write a Professional Email Message (in the form of Figure 5.1 on page 84 of BCOM9) from the perspective of a character in the scenario. The email should discuss the communication issue provided in the scenario and should be addressed to another character from the scenario.
The message should take the form of an email; however, you will submit your assignment to the online course shell.
The professional email message must adhere to the following requirements:
1. Content:
a. Address the communication issue from the scenario.
b. Request a face-to-face meeting to discuss the issue (at a specific time).
c. Concentrate on the facts of the situation and avoid using overly emotional language.
d. Assume your recipient is learning about the situation for the first time through your communication.
2. Format:
a. Use a descriptive subject line or heading.
b. Include an appropriate and professional greeting / salutation.
c. Use email form including: To:, From:, Subject:, and Signature.
Write an essay of at least 500 words analyzing a subject you find in | information technology and cyber security
/0 Comments/in EssayH_Ap /by adminWrite an essay of at least 500 words analyzing a subject you find in this article related to a threat to confidentiality, integrity, or availability of data. Use an example from the news.
Include at least one quote from each of 3 different articles, place the words you copied (do not alter or paraphrase the words) in quotation marks and cite in-line (as all work copied from another should be handled). The quotes should be full sentences (no more, less) and should be incorporated in your discussion (they do not replace your discussion) to illustrate or emphasize your ideas.
Cite your sources in a clickable reference list at the end. Do not copy without providing proper attribution (quotation marks and in-line citations). Write in essay format not in bulleted, numbered or other list format.
Reply to two classmates’ posting in a paragraph of at least five sentences by asking questions, reflecting on your own experience, challenging assumptions, pointing out something new you learned, offering suggestions. These peer responses are not ‘attaboys’. You should make your initial post by Thursday evening so your classmates have an opportunity to respond before Sunday.at midnight when all three posts are due.
It is important that you use your own words, that you cite your sources, that you comply with the instructions regarding length of your post and that you reply to two classmates in a substantive way (not ‘nice post’ or the like). Your goal is to help your colleagues write better. Do not use spinbot or other word replacement software. It usually results in nonsense and is not a good way to learn anything. . I will not spend a lot of my time trying to decipher nonsense. Proof read your work or have it edited. Find something interesting and/or relevant to your work to write about. Please do not submit attachments unless requested
Jwi 505 week 5 discussion
/0 Comments/in EssayH_Ap /by adminJWI 505 WEEK 5 DISCUSSION
The Art of Persuasion
Scenario: You are a budding entrepreneur with a great idea and you want to pitch it on the TV show, “Shark Tank.” Your product or service should be something the Sharks want to sink their teeth into. Draft a 1-2 minute pitch of your idea, using one of the techniques described in the Weekly Materials. Your pitch should contain a brief non-confidential description of your business product or service, explain any differentiating advantages, and end with a call to action. Then discuss the persuasive technique(s) you used and why you chose them.
NOTE: For those who have not watched the “Shark Tank” TV show, check it out here: Sample Shark Tank Pitches
NOTE: MORE THAN ONE ANSWER POSTED CHOOSE ANY